An overview of public policy measures aimed at the development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the world and in Russia is presented. In order to evaluate the competitiveness of domestic developments created for the use of AI technologies in medicine and healthcare, a scientometric and patent analysis of the direction for the period 2010–2019 was performed. Based on the analysis of research fronts using the Essential science indicators methodology, the most promising research strategies have been identified. It is shown that on the global publishing landscape, Russia occupies the 27th position in the world by the number of publications devoted to the use of AI in healthcare: Russian researchers account for less than 1% of publications indexed in the Web of science. To enter the top 5 countries in terms of publication activity in this thematic cluster, Russia needs to increase the number of publications by more than 6 times. Of the 16 companies in whose publications the participation of Russian authors are indicated, 13 are foreign. In General, only 14% of publications in the thematic category “Computer science, artificial intelligence” were made in collaboration with the industrial sector. In the landscape formed by patent documents that protect technical solutions in the field of AI in medicine, Russia takes positions that do not confirm its intention to fight for promising markets for goods and services created on the basis of these technologies. In the field of medical AI developments, the number of Russian patents issued to non-residents of the country significantly exceeds the number of holders of domestic patents. Only 12 patents of Russian developers о n AI technologies for healthcare issued by foreign patent offices were found.
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2. Matheny M., S. Thadaney Israni , M. Ahmed and D. Whicher , Editor s. 2019. Artificial Intelligence in Health Care: The Hope, the Hype, the Promise, the Peril. NAM Special Publication. Washington, DC: National Academy of Medicine. – Available at: https://nam.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/AI-in-Health-Care-PREPUB-FINAL.pdf
3. Gusev A.V., Dobridnyuk S.L. Iskusstvennyj intellekt v medicine i zdravoohranenii. Informacionnoe obshchestvo. 2017 ; 4–5 : 78–93. (In Russ).
4. Gusev A.V. Perspektivy nejronnyh setej i glubokogo mashinnogo obucheniya v sozdanii reshenij dlya zdravoohraneniya. Vrach i informacionnye tekhnologii. 2017 ; 3 : 92–105. (In Russ).
5. Davenport T, Kalakota R. The potential for artificial intelligence in healthcare. Future Healthc J. 2019; 6(2): 94–98. doi : 10.7861/futurehosp.6 2 94.
6. Niu J., Tang W., Xu F., Zhou X., Song Y. Global research on artificial intelligence from 1990–2014: Spatially-explicit bibliometric analysis. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2016 ; 5 : 66.
7. Begovic M., Oprunenco A., Sadiku L. Let’s Talk about Artificial Intelligence; UNDP: New York, NY, USA, 2018.
8. Jiang F., Jiang Y., Zhi H., Dong Y., Li H., Ma S., Wang Y., Dong Q., Shen H., Wang Y. Artificial intelligence in healthcare: Past, present and future. Stroke Vasc. Neurol. 2017 ; 2 : 230–243.
9. Yu K.H., Beam A.L., Kohane I. S. Artificial intelligence in healthcare. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2018 ; 2 : 719–731.
10. Shaban- Nejad A., Michalowski M., Buckeridge D. L. Health intelligence: How artificial intelligence transforms population and personalized health. NPJ Digit. Med. 2018 ; 1 : 53.
11. Mudaly T., Moodley D., Pillay A., Seebregts C. J. Architectural frameworks for developing national health information systems in low and middle income countries. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Enterprise Systems: ES2013, Cape Town, South Africa, 7–8 November 2013; pp. 1–9.
12. Shannon C.E. 1940. A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.; Xerox. 2019. Xerox and PARC Define the Era of Artificial Intelligence. Available at: https://www.xerox.com/en-kn/insights/artificial-intelligence-today
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Available at: https://www. whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Summary-Report-of-White-House-AI-Summit.pdf 21. Trump D.J. Executive Order 13859: Maintaining American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence. Federal Register 84(3967):3967-3972. 2019. Available at: https://www.federalregister. gov/documents/2019/02/14/2019-02544/maintaining-american-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence. 22. The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan: 2019 Update. National Science & Technology Council. 2019. Available at: https://www.nitrd.gov/ pubs/National-AI-RD-Strategy 2019. Pdf 23. World Intellectual Property Indicators 2018. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2018. Available at: https:// www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_941_2018.pdf 24. Artificial Intelligence Trends to Watch in 2018. CBInsights. 2018. Available at: https://www. cbinsights.com/re-search/report/artificial-intelligence-trends 2018/ 25. Duranton S., Erlebach J. and Pauly M. 2018. Mind the (AI) Gap: Leadership Makes the Difference. Boston, MA: Boston Consulting Group. Available at: https://media-publications.bcg. com/ france /Mind-the-(AI)-Gap- Press-deckVF.pdf 26. Mozur P. Beijing wants A.I. to be made in China by 2030. The New York Times. 2017. Available at: https://www.ny¬times.com/2017/07/20/business/china-artificial-intelligence.html. 27. Gerbert P., Reeves M., Ransbotham S., Kiron D. and Spira M. Global competition with AI in business: How China differs. MIT Sloan Management Review. 2018. Available at: https:// sloanreview.mit.edu/article/global-competition-of-ai-in-business-how-china-differs 28. Simonite T. How health care data and lax rules help China prosper in AI. Wired. 2019. Available at: https://www. wired.com/story/health-care-data-lax-rules-help-china-prosper-ai/ 29. European Commission Joint Research Centre. Artificial Intelligence: A European Perspective. 2018. Available at: http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC113826/ ai-flagship-report- online.Pdf 30. Ernst & Young. Artificial Intelligence in Europe–Germany: Outlook for 2019 and Beyond. Prepared for Microsoft. 2019. Available at: https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/ey-artificial-intelligence-in-europe/$FILE/ey-artificial-intelligence-in-europe-germany.pdf 31. Franke U., and Sartori P. Machine Politics: Europe and the AI Revolution. Policy brief. 2019. Available at: https:// www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/machine_politics_europe_and_ the_ai_revolution 32. European Union Member States Representatives. EU Declaration on Cooperation on Artificial Intelligence. 2018. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/communities/en/node/1286/ document/ eu -declaration-cooperation-artificial-intelligence 33. European Commisssion. Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence. 2019. 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Na «Ostrove 10–22» predstavlen proekt NOC « Iskusstvennyj intellekt » 14.08.2019. (In Russ). Available at: https://ntinews.ru/news/unti/ostrov/na-ostrove-predstavlen-proekt-nots-iskusstvennyy-intellekt.html?sphrase_id=6362632 45. Clarivate Analytics: InCites Essential science indicators help. Available at: http://help.incites. clarivate.com/incitesLiveESI/ESIGroup/indicatorsGroup/indicatorsESI.html 46. Cvetkova L.A. Tekhnologii iskusstvennogo intellekta kak faktor cifrovizacii ekonomik Rossii i mira. Ekonomika nauki. 2017 ; 3 ( 2 ): 126–144. (In Russ).
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